Ahimsa dog training - Ahimsa \uh-HIM-sah \ n. a Buddhist doctrine of non-violence. Also a fun, modern, scientic approach to training your dog! Dog lovers: Learn to solve and prevent a variety of problems, including barking, fear, puppy socialization, housetraining, separation anxiety, and pulling on leash. Pro trainers: Get more ways to teach skills and solve ...

 
 Ahimsa Praise Dog Training, LLC 925 NW 49th Street, Suite C, Seattle, WA 98107 (206) 364-4072 fax: (206) 866-6786 info@DoggieZen.com ©2006-2024 Ahimsa Praise Dog ... . Sonic pink

German Shepherd puppies are known for their intelligence, loyalty, and versatility. Whether you’re planning to raise a German Shepherd puppy as a family pet or train them for speci...If you need to contact us for some other reason, please fill out our contact form, email [email protected] or call 206-364-4072. Optional: Only fill this out if it is alright that we contact you. Enter the name of the class or other service you received from Ahimsa.Ideally, the whole family will be involved in your dog’s training (though each person may have a different role). The more consistent the household can be, the faster your dog will learn, and the better relationship they’ll build with everyone. For a given training exercise, it is usually best to have one person train the dog for that ...3:00pm-4:00pm. 3/24 to 4/21. Amber. Training Center Unit C. To enable registration button please enter code. (see instructions above) $215. If your dog barks, growls, or is aggressive to people or dogs, your dog is not yet eligible for this class. We recommend our Growly Dog class (issues toward other dogs) or Private Training sessions (issues ... We offer a Growly Dog class at Ahimsa in Seattle for aggression and reactivity to other dogs. If your dog is reactive to humans and has bitten, you would need a private session with Amber Hardin. Please call 206-364-4072 or email [email protected] to help you find the best training option for your dog. Allie's Primary and Extended Service Areas. Puppy Training Camp: Full refunds are available if Ahimsa is notified by Email at least 7 calendar days prior to your Puppy Training Camp start date. 50% refund (or Gift Certificate) is available if Ahimsa is notified by Email 3 calendar days before your Puppy Training Camp start date (Friday by midnight PST). Series Classes: Series classes are ... The “Dog Whisperer” TV show uses outdated, inhumane dog training methods. I’m so happy to have found out that it’s not just me, or the many, many dog trainers that I know – in Seattle and around the world – that think the Dog Whisperer show has done more harm than good. ... Ahimsa Praise Dog Training, LLC 925 NW 49th Street, Suite C ...Ahimsa Dog Training is on King 5’s New Day Northwest tomorrow along with some of our great PUPPIES! You are invited to be in the studio audience for the show. I’ll be talking about puppy socialization and dog aggression – the dogs are there to be cute and get socialized!!Training a dog to go to his bed or mat is essential to working on building more relaxation. First train your dog that the mat offers good things. Start to click and treat your dog for going to the mat and before getting off, release the dog from the mat. ... Ahimsa Praise Dog Training, LLC 925 NW 49th Street, Suite C, Seattle, WA 98107 (206 ...English has become the global language of communication, and it has become essential for people to have a good grasp of it. Whether you need to use it for work or personal reasons,...Puppy biting is a common problem for many pet owners, but it doesn’t have to be. With the right training and techniques, you can help your puppy learn to stop biting and develop be...Dog Training. Puppy Classes; Puppy Training Camp; Teen Classes; Adult Dog Classes; Growly Dog Classes; Sports; Private Training; ... Terms & Conditions including Cancellation Policy; Contact Us. Ahimsa Praise Dog Training, LLC 925 NW 49th Street, Suite C, Seattle, WA 98107 (206) 364-4072 fax: (206) 866-6786 [email protected] ©2006-2024 Ahimsa ... Specialties: Ahimsa's focus is creating happy family dogs that understand the rules of their home and are motivated to follow them. Ahimsa offers series and ongoing classes so you can start right away. We also have a free Intro to Dog Training session that you can attend without your dog. We offer: * Puppy Socialization & Training to prevent problems early. * Adult Dog Training - dogs can ... Ahimsa has expanded so we now have a new, large training room for rent as an indoor private dog park. Located right in Seattle – the same building as our main classroom in Ballard. The room has the same open space, padded floors, high ceilings and skylights that you have seen in our main classroom. Room includes use of jumps, tunnels, toys ... Kara is a published academic author and has a Ph.D. in Microbiology. She shares her home with her rescued pit bull – Mavis, two cats – Henri and Evinrude. For general questions about Ahimsa Dog Training, please contact us at [email protected], call 206-364-4072, or use our contact form. Klara Hanincova, PhD, KPA-CTP. Alexandra Lowry, BA ...Note: If you have more than one dog, practice the following leash training techniques on each dog separately, at first. Training for Loose Leash Walking. ... Ahimsa Praise Dog Training, LLC 925 NW 49th Street, Suite C, Seattle, WA …Sep 4, 2017 ... Dog Trainer. No photo description available. Ahimsa Dog Training, Seattle. Ahimsa Dog Training, S... Dog Trainer. No photo description ...Ahimsa Dog Training $$ • Pet Training, Dog Trainer 925 NW 49th St STE C, Seattle, WA 98107 (206) 364-4072. Reviews for Ahimsa Dog Training Add your comment. Nov 2023. At puppy Kindergarten, they're very accommodating of dogs of all behaviors! Our shy puppy has a very safe and low-pressure environment to socialize with other puppies, gets great …Treat your dog (and yourself) to the best relationship possible with award-winning training at Ahimsa. Ahimsa Dog Training (DoggieZen.com) was founded in 2003 to offer …We are lucky to have many excellent certified dog trainers contributing to our training program in Seattle, including Certified Pet Dog Trainers and Karen Pryor Academy Certified Training Partners. ... Ahimsa Praise Dog Training, LLC 925 NW 49th Street, Suite C, Seattle, WA 98107 (206) 364-4072 fax: (206) 866-6786 [email protected] ©2006-2024 ...Ahimsa has expanded so we now have a new, large training room for rent as an indoor private dog park. Located right in Seattle – the same building as our main classroom in Ballard. The room has the same open space, padded floors, high ceilings and skylights that you have seen in our main classroom. Room includes use of jumps, tunnels, toys ...Please vote! You’ll also have a chance to pick your favorite treats, dog park, groomer, and more. Thanks in advance! And thanks to those who already voted for Ahimsa! FREE TRAINING PRACTICE CLASS. I’m excited to be able to offer this class to …Ahimsa practices positive only dog training, which I thinks is totally appropriate for many normalish dogs. Only a harness was okay, no to a gentle leader, no to a neck collar, no to a martingale, and certainly not a prong collar. A vibration collar was begrudgingly accepted. Remember, our dog can't hear us - he responds to hand signals and touch. More about the Intermediate Manners class: The Intermediate Dog Manners training class is suitable for dogs that have graduated from Basic Manners or Puppy Elementary. The instructor will tailor the activities to each dog, so you’ll always be practicing at the right level. *Swapping Classes: Intermediate Manners is an “ongoing” class so ... Learn about Clicker Training, BAT (Behavior Adjustment Training), Cool fun tricks, and great ways to train your dog or puppy. Positive dog training is a great way to build a relationship.Put a bit more of the nose loop over the dog’s muzzle. Leave the nose loop on for 1/2 a second longer. Repeat this step until the dog will allow the nose loop on the face for several seconds. Put the nose loop on the dogs muzzle and then bring the straps behind the head, without clipping them. Immediately release.Ahimsa Dog Training - Palmer, Alaska, Palmer, AK. 308 likes. Effective, science-based, do no harm dog training and behavioral modification that builds bonds between canines and their owners.Definitely! Ideally, the whole family will be involved in your dog’s training (though each person may have a different role). The more consistent the household can be, the faster your dog will learn, and the better relationship they’ll build with everyone. ... Ahimsa Praise Dog Training, LLC 925 NW 49th Street, Suite C, Seattle, WA 98107 ...Potty training a puppy can be a challenging task, but with the right plan in place, it can also be an easy and stress-free experience. In this article, we will outline a 5-step pla...Start with 1 second, then 1-3 seconds, then 2-5 seconds, then 3-10 seconds, and so on. Make sure that you don’t always make it more difficult for your puppy. Sometimes, make it almost too hard, sometimes just right, and sometimes almost too easy. Release your puppy before s/he gets up as described in level 1.Churches are places of worship, but they are also places that need to be protected from potential threats. That’s why church security training is so important. It helps ensure that...Dog Whisperer Training Techniques Inhumane; Don’t Try Dog Whispering at Home; Category: Uncategorized. Post navigation. Previous post: How Much is That Doggie in the Window? ... Ahimsa Praise Dog Training, LLC 925 NW 49th Street, Suite C, Seattle, WA 98107 (206) 364-4072 fax: (206) 866-6786 [email protected] a lead trainer at Ahimsa, Klara teaches a variety of classes including Puppy Training Camp, Puppy Kindergarten, Puppy Elementary, Puppy Play & Train, Intermediate Manners, and Private Training lessons. For general questions about Ahimsa Dog Training, please contact us at [email protected], call 206-364-4072, or use our contact form.Dog Training. Puppy Classes; Puppy Training Camp; Teen Classes; Adult Dog Classes; Growly Dog Classes; Sports; Private Training; ... Terms & Conditions including Cancellation Policy; Contact Us. Ahimsa Praise Dog Training, LLC 925 NW 49th Street, Suite C, Seattle, WA 98107 (206) 364-4072 fax: (206) 866-6786 [email protected] ©2006-2024 …As a lead trainer at Ahimsa, Klara teaches a variety of classes including Puppy Training Camp, Puppy Kindergarten, Puppy Elementary, Puppy Play & Train, Intermediate Manners, and Private Training lessons. For general questions about Ahimsa Dog Training, please contact us at [email protected], call 206-364-4072, or use our contact form.Mar 15, 2023 ... ... Ahimsa Dog Training Manual: A Practical, Force-Free Guide to Problem ... Dog Reactivity - New Dog Training Hack. Grisha Stewart Academy of Dog ...Please – No Dog Park before Puppy Class! While you are attending puppy class at Ahimsa, please do not socialize your dogs in settings where they could bring germs back to our puppy classes – dog parks, dog daycare, etc. If you do so, at least bathe your dog before attending class again. You may also wash your puppy in our sink.Leadership training is a great way to get ahead professionally. Visit HowStuffWorks to learn all about leadership training. Advertisement Are all great leaders born, or do they lea...My French Bulldog puppy, Babette, has been a grateful Puppy Camp student for eight weeks. ... Now she is an exuberant (but gentle) playmate who can initiate play, respect cut-off signals, paw spar and chase. The Ahimsa trainers have been just awesome. Wynona even brought over a younger, shy puppy for Babette to “mentor.” ... with the depth ... Ahimsa Praise Dog Training, LLC 925 NW 49th Street, Suite C, Seattle, WA 98107 (206) 364-4072 fax: (206) 866-6786 [email protected] ©2006-2024 Ahimsa Praise Dog ... Please – No Dog Park before Puppy Class! While you are attending puppy class at Ahimsa, please do not socialize your dogs in settings where they could bring germs back to our puppy classes – dog parks, dog daycare, etc. If you do so, at least bathe your dog before attending class again. You may also wash your puppy in our sink.– An International Gathering of the Best in Dog Sports, Training, and Behavior – 2021-The Loose Leash Academy: Aggression in Dogs Conference 2021. Workshops-Dr. Ian …We offer a Growly Dog class at Ahimsa in Seattle for aggression and reactivity to other dogs. If your dog is aggressive with or has bitten humans you will need private training rather than a class. Please call 206-364-4072 or email [email protected] to help you find the best training option for your dog. Amber's Primary and Extended Service Area.Sat. 7:45am-8:45am. 4/27 to 5/18. Ken/Kristi. To Register Submit Code. $199. Growly Dog class is not for dogs with aggression toward humans. Please ask the trainer at Fear and Aggression 101 if your dog is appropriate for this class, email [email protected] or click here for info on Private Training sessions.Please vote! You’ll also have a chance to pick your favorite treats, dog park, groomer, and more. Thanks in advance! And thanks to those who already voted for Ahimsa! FREE TRAINING PRACTICE CLASS. I’m excited to be able to offer this class to …Dog Training. Puppy Classes; Puppy Training Camp; Teen Classes; Adult Dog Classes; Growly Dog Classes; Sports; Private Training; ... Terms & Conditions including Cancellation Policy; Contact Us. Ahimsa Praise Dog Training, LLC 925 NW 49th Street, Suite C, Seattle, WA 98107 (206) 364-4072 fax: (206) 866-6786 [email protected] ©2006-2024 Ahimsa ...Ahimsa Dog Training, in Seattle Washington, is a dedicated group of professional dog trainers who are committed to using positive training methods. Many members of the Ahimsa team hold advanced degrees. The primary goal at Ahimsa Dog Training is to give our human clients the tools to build communication, mutual respect, and trust with their …The Official Ahimsa Dog Training Manual: A Practical, Force-Free Guide to Problem Solving and Manners. by Grisha Stewart. Write a review. How customer reviews and ratings work See All Buying Options. Top positive review. All positive reviews › Ballardista. 5.0 out of 5 stars Excellent training assistance. Reviewed in the United States ...4:45pm-5:45pm. 3/31 to 4/21. Alyssa. Training Center Unit C. To Register Submit Code. $199. If your dog is reactive, please contact the office or the instructor so we can work with you to help set your dog up for success. Want to get notified if an earlier class …Hungry dog. Don’t starve her, but don’t give her a substantial meal or leave out food for a few hours prior to the session. Some way to take notes. Treats. Specifically, soft, pea-sized treats. I recommend chopping up Natural Balance or Red Barn semi-moist dog food. You’ll need a …Sep 4, 2017 ... Dog Trainer. No photo description available. Ahimsa Dog Training, Seattle. Ahimsa Dog Training, S... Dog Trainer. No photo description ... More about the Intermediate Manners class: The Intermediate Dog Manners training class is suitable for dogs that have graduated from Basic Manners or Puppy Elementary. The instructor will tailor the activities to each dog, so you’ll always be practicing at the right level. *Swapping Classes: Intermediate Manners is an “ongoing” class so ... Feb 16, 2023 ... Honey Ahimsa can cuddle her newborn baby for the ... Logan Paul Training · Logan Paul Elimination ... Barbie Dog Tag · Margot Robbie Uncomfortable&nb...Teen Playtime is a continuation for Puppy Playtime graduates who want more play with their Ahimsa friends. Age: 4.5 to 9 months. 1 day class: 45 minutes. Wednesdays at 12:30pm. Ability to swap classes: yes*, swap classes with other Playtime dates. Format: indoors. REQUIRED Prerequisites: Puppy Playtime at Ahimsa & Instructor Permission.Learn about Clicker Training, BAT (Behavior Adjustment Training), Cool fun tricks, and great ways to train your dog or puppy. Positive dog training is a great way to build a relationship.Learn about Clicker Training, BAT (Behavior Adjustment Training), Cool fun tricks, and great ways to train your dog or puppy. Positive dog training is a great way to build a relationship.Ahimsa Dog Training Seattle located at 925 NW 49th St c, Seattle, WA 98107 - reviews, ratings, hours, phone number, directions, and more.We also offer Growly Dog class at Ahimsa in Seattle for aggression and reactivity to other dogs. If your dog is reactive to humans and has bitten, you would need a private session. Please call 206-364-4072 or email [email protected] to help you find the best training option for your dog. Erica's Primary and Extended Service Areas.Ahimsa \uh-HIM-sah \ n. a Buddhist doctrine of non-violence. Also a fun, modern, scientic approach to training your dog! Dog lovers: Learn to solve and prevent a variety of problems, including barking, fear, puppy socialization, housetraining, separation anxiety, and pulling on leash. Pro trainers: Get more ways to teach skills and solve ...Apr 6, 2017 · The Ahimsa Dog Training staff members are excited to launch our Charity of the Month Program! For February we have chosen Summit Assistance Dogs, a 501(c)3 Non-Profit organization based in Anacortes, Washington, that provides mobility, hearing and therapy dogs for people living with disabilities. Getting a new puppy is exciting, especially if it’s your first time getting a pet! But puppies are a lot of work, and training them takes a lot of time and energy. When you’re trai...Puppy Jr. High. 6-14 months old. Keep your teen pup challenged and listening to you! Take Puppy Jr. High to build more calm, focus and attention on you, even when distractions are present. Age: 6 – 14 months. 5-week series class: 1 class per week, 1 hour. Ability to swap classes: no. Format: indoors. REQUIRED Prerequisites: Puppy Elementary. Canine Good Citizen is a 5 lesson “series” class scheduled 1 day a week over a 5-week period (unless there are skip dates, e.g., for Holidays). Classes can’t be swapped or rescheduled because each class has a set begin and end date with content that builds from class to class. This class includes a free dog training clicker and an instant ... Walking 101. Mon. 8:00pm-9:00pm. 2/19 to 3/4. Laura/Kara. Training Center Unit C. $159. If your dog barks, growls, or is aggressive to people or dogs, your dog is not yet eligible for the in person class. We recommend taking our Growly Dog class (issues toward other dogs) or Private Training sessions (issues toward people and/or other dogs).Each of the private trainers at Ahimsa Dog Training has a unique Primary and Extended service area. Before booking a session, please make sure you have reviewed your trainer’s specific service area. Bookings within a trainer’s Extended Service Area will incur additional travel fees and require permission from that trainer before booking.Jul 2, 2012 · Grisha Stewart, MA, CPDT-KA founded Ahimsa Dog Training in Seattle in 2003. Ahimsa has earned many awards, including Best of Western Washington. Grisha is the author of the groundbreaking book, "Behavior Adjustment Training: BAT for Aggression, Frustration, and Fear in Dogs." She is a also popular international animal behavior speaker, dog ... Day Training (10-18 weeks old) Playtime (8-22 weeks old) Teens. Elementary (5-9 months old) Fun & Focus (4.5-11 months old) Field Trips (5-11 months old) Jr. High (6-14 months old) Grooming 101; Adults. Basic Manners; Walking 101; Shy Dog (Wallflowers) Intermediate Manners; Focus & Control; Canine Good Citizen; Walk & Come; Public Manners ...Field Trips. 5-11 months old. Get your teen out and about! Practice what you have learned in classes with distractions in several Seattle locations! Age: 5 to 11 months. 1 day class: 45 minutes, submit the code to see the schedule and register. Ability to swap classes: yes*, Pick the dates that work for your schedule. Format: varies by location.Learn about Clicker Training, BAT (Behavior Adjustment Training), Cool fun tricks, and great ways to train your dog or puppy. Positive dog training is a great way to build a …Address: 925 NW 49th St c, Seattle, WA 98107. Phone Number: 206-364-4072. Ahimsa Dog Training has been around for almost two decades, since 2003. The organization has grown to serve the entire Seattle area and consists of a state-of-the-art facility that can host numerous training courses.Ahimsa, also written Ahinsa (or mispronounced as Ahisma!), is a Buddhist and Hindu word of Sanskrit origin often used by Mohandas Gandhi that means “do no harm”, “non-violence toward all other beings”, or “compassion.” At Ahimsa Dog Training, we strive to use training methods that honor these concepts, and are also science-based.Of the thousands of dog training books out there, it's rare finding one that has something new to say or presents the science of positive training in a unique and meaningful way. Grisha's new book, the Ahimsa Dog Training Manual, does just that. Clear, concise, informative and extremely user-friendly, this book deserves a prominent place on ...Training a dog to go to his bed or mat is essential to working on building more relaxation. First train your dog that the mat offers good things. Start to click and treat your dog for going to the mat and before getting off, release the dog from the mat. ... Ahimsa Praise Dog Training, LLC 925 NW 49th Street, Suite C, Seattle, WA 98107 (206 ...Sat. 7:45am-8:45am. 4/27 to 5/18. Ken/Kristi. To Register Submit Code. $199. Growly Dog class is not for dogs with aggression toward humans. Please ask the trainer at Fear and Aggression 101 if your dog is appropriate for this class, email [email protected] or click here for info on Private Training sessions.10-18 weeks old. Build a solid foundation for a smart, loving dog that fits in with your family. Leave your puppy with certified professionals to jump-start your puppy’s training and … Ahimsa Praise Dog Training, LLC 925 NW 49th Street, Suite C, Seattle, WA 98107 (206) 364-4072 fax: (206) 866-6786 [email protected] ©2006-2024 Ahimsa Praise Dog ... If your dog is reactive to humans and has bitten, you would need a private session with a Senior Trainer who has experience with human aggression. Please call 206-364-4072 or email [email protected] to help you find the best training option for your dog. Laura and Alyssa's Primary and Extended Service Areas. Ahimsa Dog Training, Seattle, Seattle, Washington. 3,434 likes · 2 talking about this · 1,255 were here. Voted Best of Western Washington Top 10 Best Board and Train in Seattle, WA - March 2024 - Yelp - Leaps N Bounds K9, Sensitive Dog, Cold Noses Dog Training, The Woof and Wag, Concierge K-9 Training, Puget Sound Puppers, Nitro K-9, Dog Works Ranch, Seattle Canine Solutions, Ahimsa Dog TrainingTraining a dog to go to his bed or mat is essential to working on building more relaxation. First train your dog that the mat offers good things. Start to click and treat your dog for going to the mat and before getting off, release the dog from the mat. ... Ahimsa Praise Dog Training, LLC 925 NW 49th Street, Suite C, Seattle, WA 98107 (206 ... We offer a Growly Dog class at Ahimsa in Seattle for aggression and reactivity to other dogs. If your dog is reactive to humans and has bitten, you would need a private session with Amber Hardin. Please call 206-364-4072 or email [email protected] to help you find the best training option for your dog. Allie's Primary and Extended Service Areas.

Ahimsa Dog Training $$ • Pet Training, Dog Trainer 925 NW 49th St STE C, Seattle, WA 98107 (206) 364-4072. Reviews for Ahimsa Dog Training Add your comment. Nov …. Cheap long distance moving

ahimsa dog training

Ahimsa Dog Training, in Seattle Washington, is a dedicated group of professional dog trainers who are committed to using positive training methods. Many members of the Ahimsa team hold advanced degrees. The primary goal at Ahimsa Dog Training is to give our human clients the tools to build communication, mutual respect, and trust with their …German Shepherd puppies are known for their intelligence, loyalty, and versatility. Whether you’re planning to raise a German Shepherd puppy as a family pet or train them for speci... The Ahimsa Dog Training school was my first introduction to training a dog. It has truly been an excellent program overall from the orientation to the choice of programs. I will say that the classes are not intimidating at all; they are fun, simple, and a great bonding experience for both the parent and the dog. They are the 5th most populous dog at shelters, in fact – though a lot of them are then taken by groups like Seattle Purebred Dog Rescue and fostered in homes. If you’re reading this post by email, you just missed a little star-studded video about adopting Chihuahuas in the wake of the Beverly Hills Chihuahua movie.When it comes to training your beloved furry friend, it’s important to consider the expertise and qualifications of the person leading the training sessions. That’s where certified...Growly Dog; Nosework Games; Agility for Growly Dogs; Growly Dog Clinic; Growly Dog Advanced; Private Training. Alexandra Lowry; Alyssa Schmidt; Amber Hardin; Erica Collins; Ken Bowman; Kristi Patricelli; Laura Holman; Playtime. Puppy Playtime 8-22 weeks old; Teen Play & Train 4.5 – 9 months; Small Dog Playtime 4.5 – 9 months; Indoor Dog ...As a lead trainer at Ahimsa, Klara teaches a variety of classes including Puppy Training Camp, Puppy Kindergarten, Puppy Elementary, Puppy Play & Train, Intermediate Manners, and Private Training lessons. For general questions about Ahimsa Dog Training, please contact us at [email protected], call 206-364-4072, or use our contact form. If your dog is reactive to humans and has bitten, you would need a private session with a Senior Trainer who has experience with human aggression. Please call 206-364-4072 or email [email protected] to help you find the best training option for your dog. Laura and Alyssa's Primary and Extended Service Areas. We also offer Growly Dog class at Ahimsa in Seattle for aggression and reactivity to other dogs. If your dog is reactive to humans and has bitten, you would need a private session. Please call 206-364-4072 or email [email protected] to help you find the best training option for your dog. Erica's Primary and Extended Service Areas. Ahimsa Alyssa is a Certified Professional Dog Trainer – Knowledge Assessed (CPDT-KA) and holds a Bachelor of Science in Applied Behavior Analysis from the University of North Texas. Alyssa has worked in the dog training field since 2016 and attends workshops, classes, and conferences to stay up to date with the latest advances in canine ...If you need to contact us for some other reason, please fill out our contact form, email [email protected] or call 206-364-4072. Optional: Only fill this out if it is alright that we contact you. Enter the name of the class or other service you received from Ahimsa.Treat your dog (and yourself) to the best relationship possible with award-winning training at Ahimsa. Ahimsa Dog Training (DoggieZen.com) was founded in 2003 to offer ….

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